Pig kidney with genetic modifications functions in man for unprecedented nine months

A genetically modified kidney from a pig named Wilma sustained a 66-year-old man with kidney failure for a record nine months and functioned as a temporary bridge to a human transplant, marking a medical first.

Tim Andrews was seriously ill with end-stage kidney disease caused by type 2 diabetes. He had only a 9% probability of receiving a human kidney within five years, while facing a more than 40% risk of dying or being removed from the waiting list.

Kidney transplantation provides the best survival and quality of life for patients with end-stage kidney disease, but global demand for human organs far exceeds supply.

Surgeons in the US transplanted a kidney from Wilma, a Yucatan miniature pig, into Andrews after genetically engineering the organ to be compatible with his immune system.

The kidney kept Andrews free of dialysis for a record nine months, the longest period ever documented, before it began failing and he received a kidney from a deceased human donor. It was also the first time a pig kidney had been used as a temporary bridge to a human transplant.

Details of the breakthrough, which offers hope to millions of people whose kidneys have failed, were published in the Lancet medical journal.

Andrews, from New Hampshire, described the pig kidney transplant as a miracle, adding: "I was alive, and I hadn't been in a long time." He was able to cook, vacuum and take long walks with his dog, Cupcake, he said.

Transplanting genetically engineered pig organs has long been proposed as a solution to the organ shortage. The first pig kidney transplant into a living person, in 2024, ended after 52 days when the patient died from unrelated heart problems, and no previous studies had documented xenograft survival beyond two months, according to the Lancet.

Before the transplant in January 2025, Wilma had received 69 edits to her genome. Some were designed to eliminate viruses that might pose a risk to humans, while others made the organ more compatible with humans, reducing the odds of immune rejection.

The team behind the transplant at Mass General Brigham, a non-profit integrated academic healthcare system in Massachusetts, said Andrews lived with the genetically edited kidney for 271 days before receiving a human kidney from a donor.

His case represents the longest dialysis-free survival following pig kidney xenotransplantation in a living human, and the world's first transition to human kidney transplantation, the team said.

"The organ shortage is the greatest crisis we have right now in transplantation," said Dr Leonardo Riella, of the Center for Transplantation Sciences and the Division of Nephrology at Mass General Brigham. "We know that the best treatment option for patients with end-stage kidney disease who have developed renal failure is transplantation, but we simply don't have enough human organs to transplant in a timely manner. Our vision is that xenotransplantation could help address this gap, initially as a bridge to get patients off dialysis while they wait for a human donor kidney, and potentially as we establish long-term safety and durability, as a destination therapy in its own right."

After roughly six months, damage developed in the pig kidney's blood vessels, which progressed to organ failure, and the kidney was removed nine months after transplantation.

After several months back on dialysis, Andrews received a kidney from a deceased human donor, which functioned well during six months of follow-up, according to the Lancet.

There were no new antibodies against human tissue detected, indicating the pig kidney had not made it harder for the human kidney transplant to succeed. No pig viruses or other pig pathogens were detected at any point.

The team cautioned that this was a single patient with no comparison group, and that the outcome reflected careful patient selection and intensive specialist care that may not be available elsewhere.

Further clinical trials, such as the one Andrews participated in, will be needed. However, the success could lead to pig kidney transplants serving as a bridge for other people facing long waits for a human kidney, they said.

"The patients are the true pioneers here," Riella said. "By stepping forward and being willing to participate in these early stage studies, they are advancing the science. Without their trust and courage, we would not be able to do what we do."